Bipolar Disorder ( Bd ) - 1879 Words

Bipolar disorder (BD), or manic depression, is one of the oldest mental illnesses, first being documented in 1st Century Greece by Aretaeus of Cappadocia. He first noted the link between mania and depression that is so characteristic of the disease. As the years progressed the disease changed names from â€Å"mania† and â€Å"melancholia† during Ancient Greece and Rome, to â€Å"manico-melancolicus† in the 17th century, â€Å"lafolie circulaire† in 1851, and now, finally, â€Å"bipolar† as defined by the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1980. Bipolar disorder affects 2.3 million Americans, or 1.2% of the population (Gambaccini, 2012). It is equally represented in men and women and among all races,†¦show more content†¦The first paper, Large-scale genome-wide association analysis of bipolar disorder identifies a new susceptibility locus near ODZ4, by Sklar et al.,  "combined genome-wide association (GWAS) analysis of 7,481 individuals affected with bipolar disorder and 9,250 control individuals within the Psychiatric Genomewide Association Study Consortium Bipolar Disorder group (PGC-BD)† (2011). In order to achieve this, they used a variety of methods including a genome wide association analysis (GWAS), replication study, and a pathway analysis. For the GWAS they used 16,731 BD samples from multiple overlapping case and control studies facilitated by the Psychiatric Genome-wide Association Study Consortium (PGC) and 47,035 individuals for the replication sample. After receiving the primary genotype and phenotype data for all of the samples, they combined them into a datasheet with 7,481 unique cases and 9,250 unique controls selected. The sample was broken down with 84% BD type 1, 11% BD type 2, 4% schizoaffective disorder bipolar type, and 1% other bipolar diagnosis. They used 46,234 SNP’s, or single nucleotide polymorphisms, to directly genotype all 11 groups and 1,016,924 NPs were genotyped for 9 of the groups. SNPs are a single nucleotide that is changed that can result in a disease by altering a gene’s function. They then used a logistic regression of the case statuses on the dosages of SNPs and determined that

Three Traditions of International Theory Essay - 702 Words

The realist normative tradition illustrates international relations as a condition of international anarchy (sociological terms); the rationalist normative tradition illustrates international relations as a condition of international society (teleological terms); and the revolutionist normative tradition illustrates international relations as a condition of harmony or single utopia in the world (ethical and prescriptive terms). Realism prioritizes national interest and security over ideology, moral concerns and social reconstructions. Realists arrived at basic condition of anarchy because there are no general measures which all countries can utilize to guide their conduct (Donnelly,2000). But, a state must constantly be alert of the†¦show more content†¦This society of states had a level of constitutional agreement amongst its members which was absent or way greater as compared to the constitutional unity of societies of states since then. Furthermore, there was a constant and structured communication between the different members of Respublica Christiana (Wight, 1991). Due to the absence of any effective society like Respublica Christiana, the weakening bonds among the states forced states to accept warfare to regulate their relations and completely discard any relationship with a political superior. As a result revolutionists acknowledged that the active representation of society of states was di shonest and misrepresented and it required a reform. They advocated the liberty, equality, democracy, federalism, socialism etc. to create a new society where there is no political superior. Rationalists are those that focus on and reflect in the value of the element of international intercourse in a condition of international anarchy. They believe that even though man is deliberately a corrupt creature, he is also rational. Rationalism follows the theory that reason is the resource of knowledge in itself (Wight, 1991). 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Humanitarian Assistance Case Studies Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.How the General humanitarian principles are being applied in the case studies? 2.How specific humanitarian health program management principles are being implemented in the case studies? 3.The role of key stakeholders in the humanitarian assistance case studies with justification? 4.Legal implications of the humanitarian assistance efforts? Answers: 1.Humanitarian assistance General humanitarian principles are applied in the case studies in different ways, below are the outlined principles that are well discussed on how they apply to case studies. The principles include; Impartiality The principle is based on lack of discrimination and stratifying people based on social definitions like race, religion, class, nationality or political affiliation(Labbe Daudin, 2016). The humanitarian process should be guided by the needs and established principles of the organization through observing laid down procedures to ensure that people get the desired needs. Neutrality The movement may not take sides in hostility or engage at any time in matters of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature To continue to enjoy the confidence of all(Raymond Brittan Card, 2015). According to study case, the role of principle of Neutrality is to increase the confidence level and allow those carrying out the mission to work within conditions that are conducive. This principle ensures that participants do not take sides in situations that affect them. Independence This is an independent movement in the national societies. Thus the humanitarian group should not be controlled by the needs of different parties in the situation(Maurer, 2014). This principles ensures that the type of assistance administered is not limited to pressure or desires of external bodies. Since in most cases this applies to war-torn areas, different interest groups should remain distanced from the humanitarian organization to aloe free delivery of services. Voluntary service It does not desire gain but is just voluntary. The texts under this are the elements in the case study; the movement offers voluntary services and should not be influenced in any way by the desire of beneficiaries or any other party. Unity This principle is based on the recognition of natural societies and aspiring to meet their needs. Through such activities, humanitarian groups seek to unify the needs of the needy and allow them to achieve humanitarian conditions together. Since people cannot be assisted individually, they are treated as groups in a unified setting. Universality The principle is based on the movement is worldwide, the movement has societies which have equal status in the movement and equal responsibilities and duties in helping each other. Methods used to assist those in need of humanitarian principles should be based on universally accepted standards rather than situation based conditions. Humanity The text under the fundamental principle of humanity includes the following elements which are applied in the case study; it recalls the origin of the movement, recalls the double dimensions of the movement, the national and the international ones. Pictet (2015) suggests that it defines the mission of the movement and the purpose of the movement. To cover the life and health, also ensures respect for the human being. This is applied to case studies. 2. Impartiality The principle of impartiality involves treating all subjects equally regardless of where they come from or the definitions of their backgrounds. Bengtsson, Lu, Thorson, Garfield, Schreep (2011) suggest that this principle is implemented through use of standard procedures for dealing with emergency-related cases. In the case studies, the affected people were all treated as casualties of the situation and they were grouped according standards demographic characteristics like age, sex or extend of the situation that they were in(UNHCR, 2017). This ensures that there is equal service delivery to all those in need of humanitarian assistance rather than isolating and treating others based on personal perception that the volunteer may have. For example, the refugees in Neutrality This entails not taking sides in the conflict that may exist between different groups as this may indicate that the humanitarian group is impartial. The reason why humanitarian groups are not attacked during war crisis is that they are treated as neutral participants seeking to assist those that are affected in the conflict(Mackintosh, 2000). Through staying neutral, humanitarian groups are free to transverse war tone areas to assist causalities. Further, all causalities are assisted through the same way regardless of their affiliation to the conflict group. Even though it may be realized that some groups are on the wrong side of the law and need to be apprehended, humanitarians are prohibited to treat them as perpetrators since it renders them not neutral. Independence Since all problems that exist today are politically related, then humanitarians must not be controlled by the political situation of the region that they are operating in. For example, they must be autonomous of political, military or any other interference that may affect service delivery. Since the state in Rohingya is an armed conflict many people are fleeing the country but those who are offering humanitarian assistance should not be controlled by forces that are taking part in escalating the crisis. For example, the politicians, military or any other body cannot influence the humanitarian process that is taking place but rather the process is controlled by the UN. Voluntary service The role that humanitarians perform to affected people are voluntary and not the right of those affected. This implies that those affected cannot dictate what should be given to them in the form of humanitarian assistance but rather should accept the offer as voluntary (Benatar Ross, 2008; Redcross, 2017). On the other hand, the UN and other bodies do not have enough resources to hire humanitarian assistants and thus relies on volunteers to offer the service. Through use of volunteer, the UN has been able to deal with the situation in Rohingya refugee situation. Unity The role of humanitarian assistants is to ensure that unity is stored to volunteers and assisting them to meet the required needs. Through restoring unity in affected area, humanitarian bodies ensure that they address human suffering by bringing different people together and trying to restore their situation by all means(Donini, 2012). The unity principle is implementing through uniting those affected with their family members and at the same time ensuring that they are restored to their initial good condition. Universality Universality entails working with people based on universally accepted principles. Since when handling refugee situations and other humanitarian conditions, people who are affected come from diverse backgrounds and may not have different perceptions on their way of life(Kubo, 2016). When doing humanitarian work, it is important to ensure that everything that the team does recognizes universally accepted standards. For example, respect for human rights and separating males and females from each other during crisis situations is one way of ensuring that people get satisfied with the assistance that they receive(Labbe Daudin, 2016). The UN has developed universal laws that must be violated in such situations. Even the people who are in conflict or humanitarian situations recognize the universal role played by such bodies thus falling within the required lines. Humanity The principles is established on the equality of all humans to be treated equally and ensuring that they are quickly restored to humanitarian situations. The role that intervention in refugee situations like Rohingya plays is to ensure that it restores and alleviates human suffering by all means. Through treating the disease that has struck women and children in the camp, the UN is ensuring that humanitarian situations are quickly restored(Donini, 2012). Further, the camps are designed in a way that ensures that makes people feel like they are in a home and can have some form of shelter. Humanity relieves the people of the suffering that they go through and ensuring that the situation is restored. Further, through access to meals and other basic facilities, the humanitarian principle ensures that those affected by humanitarian situations can achieve a state of normalcy even if their life is not restored. The overall response of relief assistance y relevant bodies in the Rohingya situ ation is a humanitarian response by itself 3.The role of key stakeholders in the humanitarian assistance case studies with justification Stakeholders play different roles in the humanitarian field. These roles are defined according to the responsibility and the purpose of the stakeholder. The roles of stakeholders will vary from context to context thus may not be specific. Emergency/Relief Emergence/reliefrepresents a response that deals with the emergencies that needs swift working on it. Aid workers must be skilled and endure all the challenges in the place of emergence. Proper planning leads to proper treatment and being ready. Emergency relief is an activity that offers convenient services that meet the specific needs of people(Stoffels, 2004). The process of offering relief services is based on a relationship between the crisis and requirements for survival that determine how morbidity and mortality of the affected parties is taken care of. Further, the media is largely used to define the outcome of situations and painting them in a way that the public translates as generous contributions from the government or any other party. Rehabilitation development The process focusses on relief and humanitarian states that seek to improve the conditions of those affected with a crisis. Humanitarian assistance may not be enough since some people have deep horrific memories that may need psychological assistance to overcome the situations that they faced. Further, being in a humanitarian state alone is a psychological trauma that requires special assistance to pull through. Rehabilitation development ensures that the capacity of those affected is improved. The CHS Alliance (2015) proposes the use of sustainable initiatives to assist people overcome their situations through providing them with reliable resources generated from the efforts of the country. Further, there is need to analyze and asses the needs of people through looking at the culture of the country to determine the best mechanism for meeting humanitarian needs. Transition Transition is the movement from one stage to another. In humanitarian situations there are three situations that people go through. The displacement and the development of the humanitarian situation, the humanitarian situation itself like living in a refugee camp and the end of the process. Goals of different stakeholders are used to enable those affected overcome every process and meet their own needs(Hammer Stoddard, 2005). Through smooth blending of activities and processes, the transition can be made easy to serve the needs of the population (CHS Alliance, 2015). Flexibility in the process when changing situations has to be carefully executed to allow the affected individual overcome and adapt easily. Information collected from the affected parties must be merged and shared with different agencies to ensure that their role is clearly defined. All stakeholders both the affected humanitarian people and other parties that are working with the group must be addressed. Parties suppor ting transition linkages must work together to achieve the best action for all parties that are affected. 4.Legal implications of the humanitarian assistance efforts Humanitarian assistance stems from the need to meet individual needs through being assisted if natural causes have rendered someone vulnerable. The right to life means that people need to be given humanitarian assistance through use of available state resources or other available resources within the larger society. Hammer Stoddard (2005) suggests that the state through different machineries must avoid violation of the rights of people and rather support relevant bodies that seek to restore the state of life. The state must minimise situations that may lead to humanitarian situations and should seek every available opportunity to address these needs when such situations arise. The law of contract allows people to forego some of their rights to the state thus relying heavily on what the state dictates as right. Kubo (2016) adds that the duty to guarantee rights puts the state in a higher role of protecting and restoring humanity. Therefore, the state should ensure that the rights of people are met and if they are not then it must seek for external support to meet these needs as in the case of the refugees in the case studies. Stoffels (2014) suggests that the state has to limit the challenges and any gaps that limit humanity. Failure to meet this may lead to individuals suing the state and seeking compensation for failing to address their needs. Further, the right to be protected is a requirement of every citizen thus leaving the state with no option in meeting the needs of the people. Kreidler (2015) suggests that the international court of justice exist to restore international humanitarian standards and ensure that quality of life is restored in all situations. References Alliance, C. (2015). On the road to Instabul; Humanitarian Accounatbility Report. Retrieved from https://www.chsalliance.org/files/files/CHS-Alliance-HAR-2015.pdf Benatar, S. R., Ross E. G. Upshur. (2008). Dual Loyalty of Physicians in the Military and in Civilian Life. American Journal of Public Health, 98(12), 21612167. Retrived from https://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjRiuKex_fZAhVID5oKHUL3DN4QFggnMAAurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2636540%2Fusg=AOvVaw1vs5Fz8mBqZoNbeBf7VAcP Bengtsson, L., Lu, X., Thorson, A., Garfield, R., Schreep, J. V. (2011). Improved Response to Disasters and Outbreaks by Tracking Population Movements with Mobile Phone Network Data: A Post-Earthquake Geospatial Study in Haiti. PLoS Med, 8(8). Retrieved from https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001083 Donini, A. (2012). The Golden Fleece: Manipulation and Independence in Humanitarian Action. Kumarian Pres. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjUke2wx_fZAhUFApoKHcvCD48QFggnMAAurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fes%2Fdownload%2Ffile%2F13727%2Firrc-887-book-review-donini.pdfusg=AOvVaw0ugduMFSk0oBNhVkXnBGhD Hammer, A., Stoddard, A. (2005). Room to Manoeuvre: Challenges of Linking Humanitarian Action and Post Conflict Recovery in the New Security Environment. Human Development Report Occasional Paper, United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved from https://www.gsdrc.org/document-library/room-to-manoeuvre-challenges-of-linking-humanitarian-action-and-post-conflict-recovery-in-the-new-security-environment/ Kreidler, C. (2015). The role of donors in enhancing quality and accountability in humanitarian aid. HPN. Retrieved from https://odihpn.org/ Kubo, M. (2016). Principles guiding humanitarian action. International Review of the Red Cross, 97, 157-181. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=4cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwil3ODU3vXZAhXK7RQKHYguAJEQFghDMAMurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fen%2Fdownload%2Ffile%2F19005%2Firc_97_1-2-7.pdfusg=AOvVaw1K2xMnFy9Sxzs_Tgm_ugUD Labbe, J., Daudin, P. (2016). Applying the humanitarian principles; reflecting on the expereince of the international committee of the Red Cross. International Review of the Red Cross, 97(3), 183-210. Retrieved from https://blogs.icrc.org/new-delhi/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2016/05/Applying-the-Humanitarian-Principles-Reflecting-on-the-Experience-of-the-ICRC.pdf Mackintosh, K. (2000). The Principles of Humanitarian Action in nternational Humanitarian Law. Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved from https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/305.pdf Maurer, P. (2014, October 13). Humanitarian diplomacy and principled humanitarian action. Retrieved from International Committe of the Red Cross: https://www.icrc.org/en/document/webcast-peter-maurer-humanitarian-diplomacy-and-principled-humanitarian-action Pictet, J. (2015). The fundamental principles of the Red Cross: Commentrary. International Federation of the Redcross and Redcrescent socities. Retrieved from https://www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/40669/Pictet%20Commentary.pdf Raymond, N., Brittan Card. (2015, July). Applying humanitarian principles to current uses of information communication technollogies; Gaps in doctrine and challenhges to practice. Havard Humanitarian Initiative. Retrieved from https://hhi.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/publications/signal_program_humanitarian_principles_white_paper.pdf Redcross. (2017). Voluntary service. Retrieved from International Federation of the Redcross and Red Crescent: https://www.ifrc.org/en/who-we-are/vision-and-mission/the-seven-fundamental-principles/voluntary-service/ Ryngaert, C. (2013). Humanitarian Assistance and the Conundrum of Consent: A Legal Perspective. Amsterdam Law Forum. Retrieved from https://amsterdamlawforum.org/article/viewFile/298/483, Stoffels, R. A. (2004). Legal regulation of humanitarian assistance in armed conflict: Achievements and gap. RICR, 515-546. Retrieved from https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc_855_stoffels.pdf UNHCR. (2017, October 27). Rohingya crisis: UN agencies focus on improving access as overcrowded camps hamper response. Retrieved from UN News: https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/10/569442-rohingya-crisis-un-agencies-focus-improving-access-overcrowded-camps-hamper

The Flu Pandemic Of 1918 Essays - Global Health, Animal Virology

The Flu Pandemic Of 1918 During the course of time certain incidents occur that change the course of our future and our thoughts. These incidents effect the population of the world either positively or negatively. Yet one event stood out to show how with the future brings both knowledge and power. Over the course of this century, scientific research has shown that modern medicine is not as exemplary as we would like it to be, since both we as people, and diseases are continuing a rapid growth or race to extinction of one another. For scientific comparisons, the 1918 Flu Pandemic will be the archetype. Since the beginning of time man has been haunted and tormented by one thing. Disease. Disease and bacteria have been causing great pain and strife to people since the beginning of time. From the Egyptian's to the pioneers, and now today. As many different forms of diseases break out, society often is caught looking back in history to judge what to do in situations. This includes diseases. Scientists and researchers still haven't found the direct cause of the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918, let alone many others that are taking place this very second. Diseases have damaged society for a long time, the bubonic plague that swept across Europe ?during the 1300s nearly half the population of Europe was killed by an epidemic of plague.?(Fettner Pg. 1) Widhalm 2 Though diseases have been lingering in human society since the dawn of time, many have fought back diseases by researching and creating vaccines and advances in medicine to help the ill. From penicillin to advanced surgery techniques and Antibiotics, the world has given its best shots to end disease but are still falling up a little short. Since the beginning of the infectious influenza, which has been taking the lives of many humans for centuries, it has always been consistent with its treatments and symptoms. The flu is well known for being on time. As most are aware of the flu comes about the same time each and every year. ?The name influenza derived from an observation made more than 200 years ago that epidemics of cough and fever occurred more frequently at certain times of the year. At the time, the conclusion was drawn that such epidemics occurred under the influence of particular constellations of planets?(Schullman 1). This information is clearly a misconception of medieval time's notion and beliefs. The flu is derived of three strains, A, B, and C, which each contain many different strains. Though a pandemic is scheduled every thirty to forty years, the latest and largest encounter of the flu was in 1918. ?The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people?(Stanford Studies Pg. 1). In the fall of 1918, a pandemic was spread all over the world killing millions of people. About 43,000 servicemen who were mobilized from WWI died from the outbreak. (Pg. 1). ?1918 would go down as unforgettable year of suffering and yet of peace?(Pg. 1). This statement is a great irony because it contradicts Widhalm 3 itself. It does this because WWI ended in the fall of 1918, so though there was great peace and joy now that the war was over, the pandemic spread before the joy of peace could even begin. Through the millions that suffered the ultimate consequence from the pandemic, 675,000 Americans lost their lives. An overall 28% of the American population was infected at one time. ?The Great War, with its mass movements of men in armies and aboard ships, probably aided in its rapid diffusion and attack? (Pg. 3) Many believe that the influenza pandemic erupted from the war. Through trench warfare and the use of biological weapons, many did believe that the war was the root cause. During the war at this time, the men stationed on fleets in the ocean and the men at the front, were all becoming ill and dying. Supposedly, in the later era of WWI, the flu was killing more men than the weapons were. (Pg. 3) Through all this time the society and lifestyles of countries everywhere were under the control of the